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1. Analyze how the kidneys filter waste products and maintain normal levels of fluid and electrolytes.
2. Interpret BUN and creatinine in a clinical setting and understand why they become abnormal.
3. Describe why hyperkalemia and hyperphosphatemia occur in patients with kidney disease and how they are treated.
4. Identify the role the kidneys play in blood pressure control and bone health.
5. Identify those patients at risk for chronic kidney disease and acute kidney injury.
6. Explain the relationship between diseases such as diabetes mellitus and hypertension and declining kidney function.
7. Recognize medications that are useful for treating kidney disease and those that pose a risk for patients with kidney disease.

The Kidneys Revealed

• Structural Components
• Functions
  • Fluid regulation
  • Waste filtration
  • Electrolyte Control
  • Hormone Regulation
  • Blood pressure control
  • Bone metabolism: vitamin D, calcium, phosphorus, and parathyroid hormone

Electrolytes and the Kidneys

• Potassium
• Calcium
• Magnesium
• Phosphorus
• Glucose

Kidneys and Fluids: The Balancing Act

• Osmoregulators
• Sodium Levels
• Normal volemic states
• Hyponatremia
• General Management Principles

Renal Dysfunction

• Acute Renal Failure
  • Diagnostic Tests
  • Labs and Results
  • Presentation (Signs/ Symptoms)
• Chronic Renal Failure
  • Risk Factors
  • Progression
  • Signs and Symptoms
  • Treatments

Carla J. Moschella, MS, PA-C, RD, is a physician assistant and registered dietitian with over 25 years of clinical experience in internal medicine, gastroenterology, and internal medicine. She received her Master of Science degree in Medical Dietetics from Framingham State College in Massachusetts and her Physician Associate Certificate from Yale University School of Medicine. She was employed for several years as a physician assistant in nephrology at Tufts Medical Center in Boston. In that capacity, she managed patients with all stages of chronic kidney disease, including those who were undergoing evaluation for a kidney transplant and those who already had received one.

Carla has lectured at many national and state conferences on kidney disease, including at the National Kidney Foundation's annual meetings, at the physician assistant's national conference in New Orleans, and at several physician assistant state associations, including Arizona, Maine, Massachusetts, and Vermont. She is the author of the chapter on nephrology in Lange Q&A Physician Assistant Examination, published by McGraw-Hill, the PA text for preparation for the national certifying and recertifying exams. She authored an article on the National Kidney Foundation's practice guidelines for chronic kidney disease in the Journal of the American Academy of Physician Assistants, and she co-authored an article entitled, "Interaction between cyclosporin A and Hypericum perforatum (St. John's wort) following organ transplantation" in the American Journal of Kidney Diseases. Carla is a member of Pi Alpha, the national honor society for physician assistants, and Alpha Eta, the national honor society for allied health professionals.

Speaker Disclosures:

Financial: Carla Moschella an employment relationship with Logistics Health Inc. She receives speaking honorarium from PESI, Inc.

Non-financial: Carla Moschella has no relevant non-financial relationship to disclose.

For U.S. and Canadian customers, a CE test is available for $9.99 USD per participant. International CE rates may vary; please contact our Customer Service at 1-800-844-8260 for more details.

Listed below are the continuing education credit(s) currently available for this non-interactive self-study package. Please note, your state licensing board dictates whether self study is an acceptable form of continuing education. Please refer to your state rules and regulations.

Certificates of Successful Completion may be emailed, faxed or mailed to participants completing the post-test/evaluation and paying the CE fee.

**Materials that are included in this course may include interventions and modalities that are beyond the authorized practice of mental health professionals. As a licensed professional, you are responsible for reviewing the scope of practice, including activities that are defined in law as beyond the boundaries of practice in accordance with and in compliance with your professions standards.

All members of the PESI, Inc. planning committee have provided disclosures of financial relationships with ineligible organizations and any relevant non-financial relationships prior to planning content for this activity. None of the committee members had relevant financial relationships with ineligible companies or other potentially biasing relationships to disclose to learners. For speaker disclosures, please see the faculty biography.

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Certified Diabetes Educators
The National Certification Board for Diabetes Educators recognizes courses sponsored by a CDR approved provider. This self-study course qualifies for 5.5 continuing education hours.

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Nurses/Nurse Practitioners/Clinical Nurse Specialists - Credit Expired: 3/17/2018
No CE available for this board.

California Nurses: PESI, Inc. is a provider approved by the California Board of Registered Nursing, Provider #:17118 for 5.5 self-study contact hours.

You will need to provide your license number to PESI. PESI must have this number on file in order for your hours to be valid.

Florida Nurses: PESI, Inc. is an approved provider by the Florida Board of Nursing. Provider #: FBN2858. These materials qualify for 5.5 self-study contact hours.

Iowa Nurses: PESI, Inc. is an approved provider by the Iowa Board of Nursing. Provider #: 346. Nurses successfully completing these self-study materials will earn 7.0 self-study contact hours.

Copies of the evaluation may be sent to the IBON. You will need to provide your license number to PESI. PESI must have this number on file in order for your hours to be valid.

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Other Professions
This self-study activity qualifies for 5.75 clock hours of instructional content as required by many national, state and local licensing boards and professional organizations. Retain your certificate of completion and contact your board or organization for specific filing requirements.

Disclaimer: **Information obtained in this course should be used within your scope of practice.
**It is your ethical responsibility to report accurate hours to your licensing board.
**All self-study participants must complete and pass (80% or better) a post-test and evaluation prior to receiving a certificate of completion. If you require a copy of the test/evaluation for CE purposes, please print at the time you take the test. Or you may call our customer service department and a copy of your test/evaluation will be emailed to you. Please allow 30-45 days.

Certified Diabetes Educators, Nurses, and other Healthcare Professionals